美國時間2024年5月14日，美國貿(mào)易代表辦公室（USTR）發(fā)布301調(diào)查四周年審查報告，并發(fā)表對中國301關(guān)稅行動發(fā)表聲明。美國貿(mào)易代表戴琪表示：對中國301關(guān)稅的四周年審查報告考慮了她的建議，拜登總統(tǒng)指示其采取進一步行動，對某些產(chǎn)品增加或提高關(guān)稅（如下表，具體相關(guān)商品編碼后續(xù)繼續(xù)跟進）。
四周年審查報告原文 共193頁
https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/USTR%20Report%20Four%20Year%20Review%20of%20China%20Tech%20Transfer%20Section%20301.pdf
The Report also makes recommendations for: (1) establishing an exclusion process targeting machinery used in domestic manufacturing, including proposals for 19 exclusions for certain solar manufacturing equipment; (2) allocating additional funds to United States Customs and Border Protection for greater enforcement of Section 301 actions; (3) greater collaboration and cooperation between private companies and government authorities to combat state-sponsored technology theft; and (4) continuing to assess approaches to support diversification of supply chains to enhance our own supply chain resilience.
President Biden is also directing Ambassador Tai to establish an exclusion process for machinery used in domestic manufacturing and to prioritize, in particular, exclusions for certain solar manufacturing equipment.
Next week, USTR will issue a Federal Register notice announcing procedures for interested persons to comment on the proposed modifications and information concerning an exclusion process for machinery used in domestic manufacturing.
中譯參考：
報告還提出了以下建議 (1)建立針對國內(nèi)制造業(yè)所用機械的排除程序，包括對某些太陽能制造設(shè)備的19項排除建議；(2)為美國海關(guān)和邊境保護局增撥資金，以加大301條款行動的執(zhí)行力度；(3)加強私營公司與政府當局之間的協(xié)作與合作，以打擊國家支持的行為；以及(4)繼續(xù)評估支持供應(yīng)鏈多樣化的方法，以提高我們自身供應(yīng)鏈的復(fù)原力。
拜登總統(tǒng)還指示戴大使建立國內(nèi)制造業(yè)所用機械的排除程序，特別是優(yōu)先排除某些太陽能制造設(shè)備。
下周，美國貿(mào)易代表署將發(fā)布聯(lián)邦公報，公布有關(guān)人士就國內(nèi)制造業(yè)所用機械的擬議修改和排除程序信息發(fā)表意見的程序。
Background
In May 2022, USTR commenced the statutory four-year review process by notifying representatives of domestic industries that benefit from the tariff actions of the possible termination of those actions and of the opportunity for the representatives to request continuation. In September 2022, USTR announced that because requests for continuation were received, the tariff actions had not terminated and USTR would conduct a review of the tariff actions. USTR opened a docket on November 15, 2022, for interested persons to submit comments with respect to a number of considerations concerning the review. USTR received nearly 1,500 comments.
As part of the statutory review process, throughout 2023 and early 2024, USTR and the Section 301 Committee (a staff-level body of the USTR-led, interagency Trade Policy Staff Committee) held numerous meetings with agency experts concerning the review and the comments received.
Specifically, the Report concludes:
The Section 301 actions have been effective in encouraging the PRC to take steps toward eliminating some of its technology transfer-related acts, policies, and practices and have reduced some of the exposure of U.S. persons and businesses to these technology transfer-related acts, policies, and practices.
The PRC has not eliminated many of its technology transfer-related acts, policies, and practices, which continue to impose a burden or restriction on U.S. commerce. Instead of pursuing fundamental reform, the PRC has persisted, and in some cases become aggressive, including through cyber intrusions and cybertheft, in its attempts to acquire and absorb foreign technology, which further burden or restrict U.S. commerce.
Economic analyses generally find that tariffs (particularly PRC retaliation) have had small negative effects on U.S. aggregate economic welfare, positive impacts on U.S. production in the 10 sectors most directly affected by the tariffs, and minimal impacts on economy-wide prices and employment.
Negative effects on the United States are particularly associated with retaliatory tariffs that the PRC has applied to U.S. exports.
Critically, these analyses examine the tariff actions as isolated policy measures without reference to the policy landscape that may be reinforcing or undermining the effects of the tariffs.
Economic analyses, including the principal U.S. Government analysis published by the U.S. International Trade Commission, generally find that the Section 301 tariffs have contributed to reducing U.S. imports of goods from the PRC and increasing imports from alternate sources, including U.S. allies and partners, thereby potentially supporting U.S. supply chain diversification and resilience.
背景情況
2022 年 5 月，美國貿(mào)易代表署啟動了為期四年的法定審查程序，通知受益于關(guān)稅行動的國內(nèi)產(chǎn)業(yè)代表這些行動可能終止，以及代表們有機會要求繼續(xù)執(zhí)行。2022 年 9 月，美國貿(mào)易代表辦公室宣布，由于收到了繼續(xù)要求，關(guān)稅行動并未終止，美國貿(mào)易代表辦公室將對關(guān)稅行動進行審查。美國貿(mào)易代表辦公室于2022年11月15日設(shè)立了一個備審案件，供有關(guān)人士就審查的一些考慮因素提交評論意見。美國貿(mào)易代表署收到了近 1,500 份意見。
作為法定審查程序的一部分，在整個 2023 年和 2024 年初，美國貿(mào)易代表辦公室和301條款委員會（美國貿(mào)易代表辦公室領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的機構(gòu)間貿(mào)易政策參謀委員會的參謀級機構(gòu)）與機構(gòu)專家就審查和收到的意見舉行了多次會議。
具體而言，報告得出以下結(jié)論
301條款行動有效地鼓勵了中華人民共和國采取措施消除一些與技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)讓相關(guān)的行為、政策和做法，并減少了美國個人和企業(yè)受這些與技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)讓相關(guān)的行為、政策和做法影響的程度。
經(jīng)濟分析普遍認為，關(guān)稅（尤其是中國的報復(fù)）對美國總體經(jīng)濟福利的負面影響較小，對受關(guān)稅影響最直接的10個行業(yè)的美國生產(chǎn)有積極影響，對整個經(jīng)濟的價格和就業(yè)影響很小。
對美國的負面影響尤其與中國對美國出口產(chǎn)品征收的報復(fù)性關(guān)稅有關(guān)。
至關(guān)重要的是，這些分析將關(guān)稅行動作為孤立的政策措施來研究，而沒有提及可能加強或削弱關(guān)稅影響的政策環(huán)境。
包括美國國際貿(mào)易委員會發(fā)布的主要美國政府分析在內(nèi)的經(jīng)濟分析普遍認為，301條款關(guān)稅有助于減少美國從中國進口商品，增加從其他來源（包括美國盟友和合作伙伴）的進口，從而可能支持美國供應(yīng)鏈的多樣化和彈性。